On the subject of the Dwarves, I don't believe it was selfish pride that made him do it. I think he made them because he was proud of the skills that Eru had given him, which is a slightly different thing. Also, like with the Feanor situation, he just had an overwhelming desire to create beautiful things (perhaps like a smith would), wheras Melkor or Sauron didn't care much about beauty, they only desired power.
I think to claim Aule, Feanor and the Noldor were just plain bad would be over-simplification in my opinion.
All certainly were free spirits and independent. All also happened to be prideful.
A domininant theme in Tolkien's characters is pride - good pride and bad pride.
Pride leads to the downfall came through time and again. Turin Turambar's pride brought him much grief. Feanor's pride also. Curufin and Celegorm who followed in their father's footsteps, all did so through stiff and unyielding pride amongst other things.
Pride too, arrogance in the extreme, moved Melkor, Sauron and Saruman. It moved the fated nine mortal Men to accept Sauron's rings. It moved Celebrimbor to follow Sauron's teaching in ring-craft and pull away from Galadriel and Celeborn.
The stories are littered with ill-fated pride. Turgon was over prideful in Gondolin and so chose to rather trust to his impregnable city than the warning from Ulmo that first directed him to the safety of Gondolin's site. The result was that pride in the the face of evil magnified the terrible toll.
Thingol was prideful with Beren and later with the Dwarves. The result was his death and the scattering of his people.
There are cases of pride, true pride tempered with humility and compassion, works to steel a character's ability to withstand evil.
So I see it more as an examination of what happens when individuals decide their personal pride and will must prevail against wisdom and the will of their rightful rulers. For Aule it was Eru he defied. So too for Melkor and Saruman. Feanor pridefully defied Melkor but also and more importantly, Manwe. Turin decided to take a bold stance and go after the shadow when he was sheltered in Nargothrond based on his pride in his abilities rather than heed the counsel of caution that had kept the city safe and hidden. Had he heeded, his whereabouts would not had been uncovered and Glaurung's sack of the city and all terrible things that befell afterwards would not have occured.
Wow...I just realized I've strayed too much from the topic. This post became a "pride fest" already..but..'ya know..
What I'm saying is just...I attribute Aule's actions, and the actions of many other characters to such things, rather than a rebellious, troublesome or evil inclinations in their natures.
Issues such as humility, wisdom, compassion, honour, loyality and strength of spirit permeate his work and apply as much to the Valar and Aule as they do to any other character.
Aule is not troublesome by nature. His pride in his ability to create though, does lead him to errors in judgements. Yet had he followed Eru's command when his creation of the Dwarves had been discovered, the Dwarves would not have existed. Pride is a double edged sword, sharp and both treacherous, dangerous and invaluable.
I don't think I made any sense but...too late to delete this post...it's too long already.
