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That's a lot of questions!

I can answer the second one from Book V though. Denethor II was the Steward of Gondor and his eldest son Boromir died.

the first one... denethor saw it/was told by Sauron in the (can't remember the name of it..shoot me please)"magic ball" witch also drove him insane!

I barely understood that until I read it slowly...

The last three you posted have to be right. The first one I'm not sure about...

If we're talking about their flight up the long staircase, then it would be the army of the Witchking.