Capt. Marvel- Billy
Martian Manhunter
Majestic
Supreme
Gladiator
Hyperion-the one that kept 2 universes apart
Sentry- not Void or death seed or any amped version
Apollo
Blue Marvel
Icon
King Hyperion
Ultra Man- n52 version
Mix and match your own battles to determine who comes out on top,most powerful versions of all except for the amped versions and no bff involved.
The Sentry, at the very least initially. The way he retconned into the history of Marvel with flashbacks drawn in classic comic style—that made you question whether or not the character was actually new or brought back—is probably the most seamless integration of a character I've seen in Marvel.
Not to mention that he's a deadbeat when his cape is off, and the most powerful defender of the Earth when it's on. The Void-duality also made sense considering the aforementioned.
The courts disagreed, and that's why he's a DC character.
Sentry isn't a Superman clone they were sneaky when they created him. He's closer to being Larfleeze with reality bending powers than any other character. Sentry is a solidified concept.
No, he is a Superman clone regardless, they just added different dimensions to his character to disguise it, he is essentially Supes with a mental problem and extra powers added in that Clark don't have.
No he isn't, just like Blue Marvel isn't either. Adam is closer to being a Captain Atom clone. Sentry as stated by Sin is a Miracle Man clone. To answer to OP though, I'd say Gladiator, Majestic, and Hyperion are as close as you can get.
I disagree and I'm sure that most people would, he has all the powers that Superman has with other powers thrown in, true that his personality is quite different from Clark's, but he is another Superman clone type and again........most would agree that he is.