No-one knows, though as Yoda warns Luke to not underestimate the Emperor's power, it must be pretty damn high for Yoda to be so worried.
We do not know if this is down purely to potential, midi-chlorian count and talent, or whethjer he is privy to ancient Sith secrets, or whether he isn't even truly human at all.
remember when Yoda tells Luke that even he is not strong enough with the force to prevent himself from dying, maybe Palpatine is, there is after all no suggestion that he would die until he is killed and wasn't he about 120 at the end of rotj, not many 120 year olds i know who can produce lightning from there hands.
32? I thought 30, but I'm not so strong in that.
Palpy is consumed to the Dark Side, you can say he lives on the Dark Side, wich give him alot of power (that's just a guess)
But what I really know is that Palpatines MC count is NOT very high (that supports what I said above) if OB1 can feel Annakin when he is on a ship near Naboo; than he must sence that Palpa is a Darky when he meets him on Naboo after the liberation, he was only 3 feet away from him!
This is all guess-work because it is never said in the movies 😠
OB1's reference to something elusisive is obviously targeted towards Sidious and Maul, i.e. the Phantom Menance(s), (isn't a Phantom elusive) whereas Anakin was apparently the will of the force and was meant to be found, according to qui gon.
Perhaps distance has nothing to do with it , after all doesn't ob1 sense the destruction of alderan from a far and ob1 senses a disturbance in the force on coruscant all the way at naboo.
How could ob1 think that anakin was a disturbance in the force when he agrees to take anakin as his papdawin learner, doesn't really sense anakin at the start if the film and refers to him as i think "another meaningless life form" how far from the truth he was.
The only thing in ob1's favour in terms of anakins danger as far as I can remember is saying that "the boy is dangerous, they can all see it and that he won't pass the councils tests" something like that.
i think that jedi do feel each other, evidence of this is when ob1 and quigon are fighting maul, they fight in harmony and never once hurt each other or go anywhere near to hurting one another. also qui gon instictively turns round and protects ob1 from the droid at the start of ep1, thay also manage to find each other in what is probably a very big forest, finally, witrhout anakin suggesting it to ob1, he makes the ship fly low so as he can pick up quigon while he is fighting maul, seems to be to many things placed down to luck there.
But that is all evidence that they can sense MINDS, which we already knew. Nothing to do with the detection of Jedi. Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan recognise each other's mind just like they know each other's face.
BTW, that harmony in combat can be achieved by practice in the real world, no extra power needed.