I got bored and started thinking a little too far ahead in this line of thought, but it's nice to entertain the idea.
So, if Palpatine would have won in this scenario, what would that mean for the rest of the galaxy?
At the time of Return of the Jedi, Palpatine, instead of trying to destroy the rebel fleet, decides instead to first go fully into the unknown regions, and gain whatever power is to be gained there. And so he goes in, finding Snoke, whatever terrors lurk in the unknown regions, and the ruins of the ancient civilizations which first discovered the Force.
He extrapolates all the knowledge he needs from Snoke/the ruins. This gives him the ability to manipulate the minds of others, create force bonds, force projections, force mind probe, and maybe the freeze people/blaster bolt ability if he didn't already have it. He might also have other powers which Snoke knew/have a deeper understanding of the Force.
He kills Snoke, maps the Unknown Regions, sets up stations in them, and expands the Contingency from Pillio and Jakku.
He then initiates his plan with the second death star, and this time, when Luke refuses to join him, uses his newfound Force abilities to make him join him. They escape the destruction of the second death star, and Luke goes back to the rebellion as a mole to kill the leaders.
Meanwhile, Palpatine once again tries to gain access/control over the World Between Worlds. This time, with his new abilities, he can more easily gain control of the mind of another, if not Ezra Bridger himself, which will allow him to gain access to the world between worlds. Here, he tries to figure out how to gain control of it.
Luke Skywalker is convinced by Liea, R2, and the other members of the rebellion who he has an emotional connection to, and turns back to the light side. Knowing that Sidious will know that Luke has changed, he stays with the rebellion, trying to figure out how to defeat the emperor.
Obi-Wan informs Luke of the prophecy of the Chosen One, and Luke decides the only way to destroy the emperor is when he's distracted. Thus, he tries to gain access to the world between words, and uses projection to try and convince Vader that he should betray the emperor. This seemingly does not work.
The Emperor gains control over the world between worlds just as Luke learns how to fight him inside it(using something like Stonepower or something). The Emperor manages to destroy the rebellion, kill Liea, Han, Chewie, so on with his new powers. At this time, Vader realizes the error of what's been happening and decides to kill the Emperor when he's not expecting it.
A lot more damage done, many more lives taken, and a place from where it is MUCH harder to rebuild. But the prophecy is fulfilled. What do you think?