With how Canon has portrayed Jedi? Don't see why not, because unless you're a named character, you kinda suck and those live action shows, showcasing more of the Temple attack just kinda further shows this.
The 501st didn't even appear to have any other equipment other than blasters and large numbers.
Sure you could say that there weren't many Jedi and they were basically overwhelmed, but doesn't really take away from the fact it's not exactly good showing for the Jedi in general. Similar I suppose to the Arena Battle on Geonosis sure.
So could the 501st have solo'd the Temple without Vader? All evidence I've seen suggests...yeah, sure they could, because we're not given any indication that they couldn't.
EU wise? No the 501st couldn't.
Well, I think your average Jedi have been portrayed badly only in the live tv series (Mandalorian/Kenobi) for obvious out of universe reasons. But tbf even Ahsoka in S2 of the Mandalorian didn’t perform particularly well against 3 random armed thugs. However the few times Order 66 has been addressed in other media, the Jedi’s performance improved. For instance in Fallen Order you have Chiata and Marseph wiping out most of their clone battalion before they got killed, and Jaro Tapal cut down dozens of clones as well before being overpowered. Tobar Ka-Teen presumably killed the clone squads escorting him when order 66 was issued.
Guess the in-universe reason for the lackluster performance of the Jedi stationed in the Temple is that most of them were unexperienced padawans or knights, or Jedi who are not battle-oriented, but tbh I’m sure that if operation Knightfall will ever be shown in some comic or videogame, even the Jedi stationed in the temple will look better
If it's the Jedi Temple from the ROTS game on Xbox/PS2 where Anakin actually had brief trouble with people like Cin Drallig and Serra Kato, clones get destroyed. If any of the movie versions, I just can't see the Jedi winning, hell even average, canon or legends.
I mean we show in the movie that a large number of clones can be very overwhelming even for damn Jedi council members, what is the average mook going to do, there werent even close to a handful of named Jedi at the temple at the time, there's just no way they can feasibly pull it off unless Obi-Wan and Yoda show up before most of them are killed.
It's interesting to note in canon the Clone Shock troopers of the Coruscant Guard participated in the attack, as shown in the Darth Vader comics and lately in the Mandalorian S3, so it's possible the clones were more numerous in canon than in Legends. Also, while in the EU the 501st kept existing after the Purge and became Vader's personal guard, in canon the remnants of the 501st were reorganized into the First Legion. It seems to imply that, between Ahsoka killing a good chunk of them and those who died in the temple assault, their losses were so high in canon that it was more convenient to recruit a brand new legion