How would I handle the Taliban?
When a U.S. soldier is killed, line 50 random people up and shoot them.
Brutal, horrific, and efficient. You would have afghani's falling all over themselves to turn in insurgents, and insurgents also have people they care about.
It worked to brutal efficiency in Poland in WWII. Horrible, but honestly might be the best way to save the most lives over say, the next 50 years.
However.... since we consider ourselves too humane for such a course of action (and rightfully so) you respond with overwhelming firepower in any firefight. Unleash the beast so to speak. When the taliban knows that engaging the troops is certain death, their number of volunteers will go down. Right now we have weak rules of engagement and it shows, Taliban have actually been winning full scale battles against us since we refuse to call in air-support in highly populated areas.
They know our rules of engagement as well as we do, and use them against us. Yes we make SOME more enemies when we do this, because they are under-informed, BUT we still make progress. the civilians need to seriously recieve some motivation to turn in insurgents.
These people live somewhere , and receive food somewhere. IF the civilians won't turn them in, is it our fault if civilians die when we engage?
Somebody knows these people
The worst possible option is do nothing.