The Fallacy Fallacy- This is when someone accuses someone else of making a logical fallacy, when they have not actually made one. It is an attempt to dismiss an argument by saying it is fallacious without explaining how or why.Example:
Person A: "Luffy was moving so fast in Gear 2 that a world - class Assassin, Blueno, couldn't keep track of him."
Person B: "That's an appeal to authority fallacy."
In this example, person B doesn't explain how person A's argument is a fallacy, he simply states that it is.
Argument from anecdotal evidence- This is when someone tells a story of something that happened to them or another person, and it cannot be confirmed, but they expect it to prove something.
Example: "I once watched a nature show where a lion killed a pack of hyenas, therefore a lion could beat a pack of hyenas in a fight".
This argument simply recounts a story that may or may not be true, and the person in question expects it to count as evidence of their point of view. Even if the story was true, it does not necessarily mean that that is the way it will always happen, it could have been a statistical anomaly. In addition, there may have been other factors in play that the person neglected to mention (for example, the Hyenas may have been sick or injured before the fight started).
Proof by example-This type of fallacy involves someone citing one example of something as proof of a general rule.
Example: "Superman was tagged by Solomon Grundy, who is slow, therefore Superman can be tagged by anyone as fast or faster than Grundy."
The person ignores the fact that this could have been a statistical anomaly, and that it doesn't necessarily hold true all the time.
Another example: "Deidara defeated the Sanbi Bijuu, therefore he will always win a fight against a Bijuu, even the full nine - tails Kyuubi."
Affirming the consequent- This fallacy takes the form of presenting a conclusion that would logically follow from a premise, and then asserting that since the conclusion is true, the premise must be true also.
Example: "If One Piece characters could move faster than sound, then it would be difficult for people to see them move. Since fast One Piece characters seem to disappear, then they move faster than sound."
This argument ignores the possibility that characters could be difficult to track even if they moved below sound speed.
Denying the antecedent- The opposite of the previous fallacy, this is when someone presents a conclusion that logically follows from a premise, and then asserts that since the premise is false, the conclusion must also be false.
Example: "If Luffy could beat Aokiji, that would mean he is strong. He couldn't beat Aokiji, therefore he's not strong".
This argument ignores the fact that while Luffy is strong, Aokiji is simply stronger. Also, Luffy's powers have no effective counter to those of Aokiji.
Another, more common way this could be phrased is:
"Are you kidding? Luffy's not strong, he couldn't even beat Aokiji."
Biased sample- This is when a statistical survey only takes into consideration a sample of people or entities that are biased towards the conclusion. This only applies to matters of opinion and subjectivity, because even if the sample wasn't biased, this would not be an effective argument for an objective claim due to the appeal to popularity fallacy.
Example: "Everyone on that forum says that the PS3 is way better than the Wii."
What the person in the example is neglecting to mention is that the forum he's referring to is a Sony - centric forum populated mainly by Sony fans.
Half - truth- This is when someone presents a piece of evidence, but only presents some of it, ignoring critical factors that would cast the evidence in a whole different light, and would not necessarily support the person's conclusion.
Example: "Galactus was beaten by Thor, therefore he can be easily beaten by anyone around or above Thor's level".
What the person in this example fails to mention is that Galactus was starving and severely weakened in this instance, and also that Thor was drawing extra power from Odin to attack him.
Hasty generalization- This is an argument where someone takes an insufficient amount of evidence and attempts to form a conclusion from it, while ignoring or not being aware of contradictory evidence.
Example: "Flash has been tagged by people without super - speed in the past. Therefore, anyone, even if they don't have super speed, can tag him."
This person ignores all the times people both with and without superspeed were unable to tag the Flash, or were defeated by him.
Misleading vividness- This argument is similar to proof by example, but instead of simply citing an example, it describes the example in vivid detail, which makes people more likely to pay attention to it and think it is significant.
Example: "Flash isn't fast! He was tagged by Grodd, who grabbed his leg from behind, pulled him away, and bit into his leg!"
All of those details weren't necessary, and they don't do anything to logically advance the argument, but they do play on people's emotions to make them think this is a more significant occurence.
Package deal- This is when someone claims that since A is true, and A is usually (but not necessarily) associated with B, then B is also true.
Example: "Samurai Deeper Kyo characters can move faster than light. That means they can also travel through time."
This argument assumes that since FTL speed and time travel are often interrelated, then they must be in this case, even if there is no evidence of this.
False dichotomy This is when someone claims that there are only a certain amount of options, and if all but one are false, then the other must be true. This ignores the possibility of other options.
Example: "Lightning travels at relativistic speed. If lightning is heading towards you, either you'll can't move that fast and you'll be hit, or you can move that fast and you can block or dodge it. Nami blocked Enel's lightning in the Skypeia arc, so therefore Nami can move at relativistic speed."
Ther person in this example ignores the possibility that Nami could have seen Enel powering up his attack before he actually fired it and set up her defense in advance.
Correlation implies causation. This type of argument claims that since A is associated with B, then A causes B.
Example: "Afterimages, blurry images, and speed lines usually are used in manga and comics to denote speed. Therefore, anything drawn with afterimages and blurry effects must be moving very fast."
This argument ignores the possibility that the said effects were added for some other reason, or that they are simply there to exaggerate the object's movement rather than to imply vast supernatural speed.