Post hoc ergo prompter hoc- Usually abbreviated to just "post hoc", this fallacy happens when someone assumes that since two events occur in sequence, the first one must be the cause of the second one.Example: "Luffy wore an afro when he fought Foxy. Luffy beat Foxy. Therefore, the afro gave him the power to win."
This argument ignores any other possible explanations for Luffy's victory, such as the fact that Luffy was simply stronger and tougher.
NOTE: I'm just using this as an example, I know that Afro Luffy is used as a joke, I'm not seriously commenting on that.
Slippery slope- This argument says that if you accept one thing, the chances become more likely that another thing would happen, and the second thing would have negative consequences, so the first thing is wrong.
Example: "If we don't ban trolls more often, then more people will think it's okay to get away with trolling, and soon everyone will be a troll!"
This argument assumes that since something might happen as a consequence of not banning trolls, then it will happen and therefore all trolls must be banned on sight.
Poisoning the well- This is similar to ad hominem, except it is directed against other observers instead of your opponent. You say that there is something objectionable about a person, therefore people shouldn't listen to their arguments.
Example: "Person A is known for being a biased One Piece fanboy, therefore you shouldn't listen to him when he says Luffy can beat Ichigo."
Whether or not this accusation is true, it has no merit on the actual arguments being presented.
Fallacy of accident This is when someone uses a general rule to justify something when that thing is in fact an exception.
Example: "In a fight, the faster character usually wins. Goku can move faster than the Flash by using Instant Transmission, therefore he will win."
This ignores the fact that instant transmission is a special case: While it does allow the user to arrive at a destination faster than the Flash would in a race (if both of them started at the same time), it ignores the fact that IT is teleportation, not true speed, requires locking onto a ki signature, needs time for thought to activate it, and cannot change destination or react to attacks in between the origin and destination point.
Reverse fallacy of accident- This is similar to the previous fallacy, except it works in reverse - a person attempts to use an exception to overturn a rule.
Example: "Logia characters in One Piece can't be harmed by physical attacks. Therefore all One Piece characters are immune to physical attacks."
This ignores that not every One Piece character reacts to physical attacks in the same was as a logia.
Ad hominem tu quoque- This is a variation of the ad hominem fallacy where a person dismisses his opponent's argument by claiming that his opponent engages in the same type of practice.
Example:
Person A: "It was never stated that Buu's power level was 5 billion, that's a lie."
Person B: "Well you lied when you said that Post - Crisis Superman moved the earth by himself!"
Even if person B is right and person A did lie about that, that doesn't mean that person's B's lie about Buu's power level should just be accepted. Two wrongs don't make a right, after all.
Loaded question- This is when someone asks a question that presupposes a conclusion, so no matter what yes or no answer the person gives, it will fit the agenda of his opponent.
Example: "Are you still making that retarded claim?"
If the person answers yes, they will admit that they are making a retarded claim, if they answer no, they will admit that the claim they made was retarded. Of course the fallacy is that the person asking the question hasn't demonstrated what is wrong with the claim.
Fallacy of composition- This is when someone states that if a certain condition is true for A, then it must also be true for any larger set that A is a part of.
Example: "Luffy can beat any given Naruto character. Therefore he can beat all Naruto characters at once."
Fallacy of division- This is the opposite of the previous fallacy, when someone asserts that since a system has a certain property, then all components of that system must also have this property.
Example: "The OPverse is stronger than the Narutoverse. Therefore any One Piece character can defeat the entire Narutoverse."
This argument ignores that the ability to defeat the Narutoverse comes from the combined powers of all the OP characters, not one property that they all share.
Argumentum ad verbosium- This is when someone makes a claim and writes a long, often repetitive essay in order to prove it, when they really do not have very strong evidence whatsoever and are just trying to make their opponent accept their claim by barraging him with long, drawn - out writing.
Example: "Naruto can beat Luffy, because Naruto has the Kyuubi, and the Kyuubi is really powerful, and you know, Luffy really isn't that strong, I mean he can stretch and stuff, but he'll die if he gets thrown in the water, and lots of Naruto characters can use water techniques, (which are known as suitons, which is Japanese for "water release"😉, and they also have Katons (Japanese for "fire release"😉, and Dotons (Japanese for "Earth release"😉 and even Mokutons (Japanese for "wood release"😉, although the latter cannot be created by most ninjas, only ones with a Kekkai Genkai (That's Japanese for "Bloodline limit"😉 can use them, by combining their elemental affinities, and Naruto beats Luffy... etc."
You can see the person is trying to just exhaust his opponent with tons of words and unnecessary verbosity instead of arguing the actual points.
Figure of speech- This is when a person confuses a saying which is not meant to be literal, with a literal meaning.
Example: "Mr. Popo said Goku could move faster than lightning. That means he could move at relativistic speed."
The person in this example is ignoring the fact that "lightning speed" or "faster than lightning" are very common figures of speech that rarely ever denote actual speed of that level.