Circular Reasoning?
Taking Every Thought Captive
Does Presuppositional Apologetics Use Circular Reasoning?
by Massimo Lorenzini
This article answers the common objection to presuppositional apologetics that it uses circular reasoning (e.g. using the Bible to prove the Bible). My response is that everyone uses circular reasoning. When a presuppositionalist begins with the Christian worldview to argue for the same, this is circular. When one uses circular reasoning, it is usually a weak argument. However, when we are talking about an ultimate intellectual criterion, a certain amount of circularity is unavoidable. Allow me to refer you to a somewhat lengthy quotation from Michael Kruger's article "The Sufficiency of Scripture in Apologetics" which appeared in the Spring 2001 edition of The Master's Seminary Journal (available online at www.tms.edu):
To deny circularity when it comes to an ultimate authority is to subject oneself to an infinite regress of reasons. If a person holds to a certain view, A, then when A is challenged he appeals to reasons B and C. But, of course, B and C will certainly be challenged as to why they should be accepted, and then the person would have to offer D, E, F, and G, as arguments for B and C. And the process goes on and on. Obviously it has to stop somewhere because an infinite regress of arguments cannot demonstrate the truth of one's conclusions. Thus, every worldview (and every argument) must have an ultimate, unquestioned, self-authenticating starting point. Another example: Imagine someone asking you whether the meter stick in your house was actually a meter long. How would you demonstrate such a thing? You could take it to your next-door neighbor and compare it to his meter stick and say, "see, it's a meter." However, the next question is obvious, "How do we know your neighbor's meter stick is really a meter?" This process would go on infinitely unless there were an ultimate meter stick (which, if I am not mistaken, actually existed at one time and was measured by two fine lines marked on a bar of platinum-iridium allow). It is this ultimate meter stick that defines a meter. When asked how one knows whether the ultimate meter stick is a meter, the answer is obviously circular: The ultimate meter stick is a meter because it is a meter. This same thing is true for Scripture. The Bible does not just happen to be true (the meter stick in your house), rather it is the very criterion for truth (the ultimate meter stick) and therefore the final stopping point in intellectual justification.
So, when we begin with the Bible to defend the Bible, this is done with the conviction that the Word of God is the ultimate criterion for truth. When an evidentialist begins with rationalism (and also sometimes empiricism), he is also arguing in a circle, except he doesn't even acknowledge this fact. You see, evidentialism is circular because it starts with rationality. However, the evidentialist does not even bother to prove rationality, he simply presupposes it! So, when the evidentialist begins with rationality to prove the Bible, he is demonstrating that he believes (even if unconsciously) that rationality is his ultimate criterion for truth.
On the other hand, the presuppositionalist says that the Bible is self-authenticating. It has no higher authenticating or verifying authority. When a five-year old says to his daddy, "Why do I have to do what you say?" The father need not answer with anything other than, "Because I said so!" For the child, there is no higher authority. And for the Christian, or anyone else for that matter, there is no higher authority than the Word of God. In fact, God Himself cannot refer to an authority greater than Himself:
When God made his promise to Abraham, since there was no one greater for him to swear by, he swore by himself (Hebrews 6:13, NIV).
Apologetics is a moral issue (volitional) more than an intellectual one. It has to do with repenting of autonomous use of reason and submitting one's thinking to God. One must repent not only of the content of what one believes, but also of the method by which one thinks. We must repent of what we think and how we think. At issue here is one's epistemology. What is the scale by which we weigh the facts? Is it God's scale or our own? If we use our own, the facts regarding God and ultimate truth will always be found wanting because of man's depraved nature. Careful study of the doctrine of total depravity will show that no amount of evidence given to a fallen, sinful, rebellious person will ever be sufficient to bring such a person to repentance and faith.
The unregenerate sinner has built up for himself a wall by which he shields himself from the truth of God. Evidential apologetics is wholly inadequate for the task of removing the bricks within the rebel's wall. Only a presuppositional approach to apologetics is able to effectively attack and dismantle the fortress of relativism, apathy, and cynicism that the sinner has erected in an effort to barricade himself from the truth.
However, I am not saying that even a presuppositional apologetic is sufficient to lead one to Christ. The approach of presuppositionalism is to apply a presuppositional apologetic to the heart and mind of the postmodernist, shake him from his relativistic slumbers, and thereby press upon him the demand of God's holy Law and the glorious hope of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. But without the accompanying regenerating work of the Holy Spirit, even the most powerful defense of the faith is unavailing.
You see, presuppositional apologetics seeks to be consistent with biblical theology. The doctrine of human depravity alone is sufficient to show the inadequacy of evidential apologetics to bring a man to true repentance and faith in Christ. This fact has always been true and always will be true no matter what the prevailing worldview is, but is especially true when dealing with the unbelieving postmodernist.
So while a biblical anthropology alone bears out the fact that evidentialism is inadequate and inconsistent with Scripture, other key doctrines only drive the point home even more. In considering apologetic methods, one must also take into consideration the doctrines of general and special revelation, Theology proper, hamartiology, soteriology, and Christology. However, I cannot go into an explanation of how these doctrines relate to apologetics here.
One's theology is truly crucial in determining one's apologetic methodology. Your understanding of theology informs your epistemology. Epistemology really is the key to understanding apologetics. Man's thinking is not neutral; it's darkened, fallen, and hostile to God. Man, by nature, hates God and does all in his power to hide from Him. Therefore, man must repent of his autonomous, sinful thinking and rely upon God's revelation in order to come to a knowledge of the truth. Evidence, in itself, is not able to bring a sinful man to salvation or the truth. He will interpret all facts sinfully rather than submit to God's interpretation of those facts.
You can only know that your epistemology is correct if it squares with the divine standard inherent within man via the divine image (sensus divinitatis) and also witnessed by God's fingerprint in the whole of creation (general revelation). However, the greatest epistemological precision can be had only via Scripture (special revelation). Only as you are conscious of your epistemology and checking it by the divine standard of revelation, can you be in a position to judge truth claims. Otherwise, if you reject the divine standard, you have no assurance that your epistemology is correct and accurate and you are in no position to weigh any kind of truth claim. All becomes hopelessly meaningless and futile and rational thought itself is impossible.
If Christianity is true, and it is, then we must argue from the basis of it. We cannot grant a sinful, rebellious man neutral ground upon which to weigh the evidence for God since there is no such neutral ground. Autonomous use of reason is the problem not the solution! Think of it, autonomous human reasoning led to the fall of man in the garden. How could it ever possibly lead one to God? One can have epistemological autonomy only if he possesses intellectual self-sufficiency. Man is not intellectually self-sufficient anymore than he is existentially self-sufficient or independent. Rather man is a finite, dependent creature of God. He is dependent upon God for knowledge as much as he is for oxygen, food, and water for his existence (Acts 17:25).
This is God's world. There simply is no neutral ground to stand upon and evaluate the evidence for God. All creation is evidence! (Rom 1:18-20). We all live and move and have our being in God (Acts 17:28). Imagine all of God's creation is like a huge bubble. One cannot go outside of that bubble and examine it. There is no external, neutral ground to stand upon. There is no way to judge facts atomistically and neutrally. Facts only have their meaning by their place within the larger worldview. One's worldview determines the interpretation of facts. If one has a naturalistic worldview, facts will be interpreted in way that is consistent with that worldview. Presuppositionalism strikes at the foundation of those unbelieving worldviews. It calls the unbeliever to repent of his ungodly thinking and think God's thoughts after Him. We do not simply pile up evidence upon evidence and ask the unbeliever to weigh that evidence on his ungodly worldview scales. Rather, we call upon him to use God's worldview scales! This is a call to repentance.