Armed Police

Started by lil bitchiness6 pages

Originally posted by Symmetric Chaos
http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/crime.html

More significant here is the clearance rate. Japanese cops solve (or at least make a conviction for) more crimes than in America. Which probably has an effect on the amount of crime, if you're more likely to get in trouble you're less likely to take the risk.

Most crime in Japan is of the non-violent variety. The site credits this to gun control (there's an obvious bias present, however), society and the Yakuza. As far as the Yakuza is concerned violent crime has too high a risk for its return and try to keep their people from being involved in it, they're also concerned with cultural values.

http://www.jref.com/society/foreign_crime_in_japan.shtml

If you scroll down a bit this site suggests a strong cultural factor in Japanese crime rates. Per capita foreigners are arrested for a lot of crime in Japan (though note: Japan is fairly racist especially towards other Asian nationalities which would skew arrest rates).

Good finding, batman.

I got this as well http://www.jref.com/society/foreign_crime_in_japan.shtml

Not sure if it is at all reliable...

Originally posted by Symmetric Chaos
http://www.bookmice.net/darkchilde/japan/crime.html

More significant here is the clearance rate. Japanese cops solve (or at least make a conviction for) more crimes than in America. Which probably has an effect on the amount of crime, if you're more likely to get in trouble you're less likely to take the risk.

Most crime in Japan is of the non-violent variety. The site credits this to gun control (there's an obvious bias present, however), society and the Yakuza. As far as the Yakuza is concerned violent crime has too high a risk for its return and try to keep their people from being involved in it, they're also concerned with cultural values.

http://www.jref.com/society/foreign_crime_in_japan.shtml

If you scroll down a bit this site suggests a strong cultural factor in Japanese crime rates. Per capita foreigners are arrested for a lot of crime in Japan (though note: Japan is fairly racist especially towards other Asian nationalities which would skew arrest rates).

I don't see a violent crimes number, though.

That would be rapes; thefts with knives, guns, beat downs, etc.; battery cases, murders, etc.

That category is a rather large category of crime.

That's the number I was looking for.

And, yes, I read the same thing you did about it being a cultural thing. They don't want to bring dishonor to the family. However, lately, violent crime is going up in Japan.

To make the comparison, we need violent crimes per capita...in order to keep it within comparison to the US and UK debate that we are having.

Originally posted by dadudemon
I don't see a violent crimes number, though.

That would be rapes; thefts with knives, guns, beat downs, etc.; battery cases, murders, etc.

That category is a rather large category of crime.

That's the number I was looking for.

And, yes, I read the same thing you did about it being a cultural thing. They don't want to bring dishonor to the family. However, lately, violent crime is going up in Japan.

To make the comparison, we need violent crimes per capita...in order to keep it within comparison to the US and UK debate that we are having.

In 1990 larceny formed 65.1 percent of the total crimes with negligent homicide or injury as 26.2 percent of crimes. Although Japan has far fewer people than the U.S., comparisons are still possible. Japan has aground 1.3 robberies per 100,000 people. By comparison, the U.S. has 233 per 100,000 people (England has 65.8 and West Germany 48.6).

The Japanese murder rate is about 1.1 per 100,000 people; West German has a rate of 3.9, Britain a rate of 9.1, and the U.S. 8.7 per 100,000 people.

Obviously a bit out of date by now.

Here's another angle on crime in Japan.

Gun control laws are very strict but there are fairly few police per capita.
http://www.japanprobe.com/?p=4756

But remember statistics also say that Japan's willingness to enforce adultery laws might be the reason for low crime.
http://christianparty.net/murdrateworld.htm

Simple murder per capita in 2000 for 64 countries.
http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita

Originally posted by Symmetric Chaos
In 1990 larceny formed 65.1 percent of the total crimes with negligent homicide or injury as 26.2 percent of crimes. Although Japan has far fewer people than the U.S., comparisons are still possible. Japan has aground 1.3 robberies per 100,000 people. By comparison, the U.S. has 233 per 100,000 people (England has 65.8 and West Germany 48.6).

The Japanese murder rate is about 1.1 per 100,000 people; West German has a rate of 3.9, Britain a rate of 9.1, and the U.S. 8.7 per 100,000 people.

Obviously a bit out of date by now.

Yeah.

Too old. They were preaching violent crimes increasing as far back as 1998 and it continued as far as I could see, in arcticles as late as 2004.

Kind of frustrates me, though, that I couldn't find recent "violent crime" stats for Japan.

What you're giving are specific types of violent cimes. I'm looking for violent crimes per capita.

Originally posted by Symmetric Chaos
Here's another angle on crime in Japan.

Gun control laws are very strict but there are fairly few police per capita.
http://www.japanprobe.com/?p=4756

But remember statistics also say that Japan's willingness to enforce adultery laws might be the reason for low crime.
http://christianparty.net/murdrateworld.htm

Simple murder per capita in 2000 for 64 countries.
http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_mur_percap-crime-murders-per-capita

Still not what I'm looking for and it's stilll not fully applicable to the general gun control idea that gun control does jack to affect violent crimes, on the whole.

I NEED THAT DATA!...AHHHHHHHHHHHHH!

*commits suicide with one of the 90 per 100 guns available within the US*

Originally posted by Symmetric Chaos
No offense, but that seems like a really stupid way of studying anything. It would never apply outside of the experiment.

And here I was, defending you everytime you made a sarcastic/smartass remark. 😛

Just so you don't think I am lying, I mention twice in that very same post that it was jest and then smartassery.

Originally posted by dadudemon
thought that was mostly jest.

Typo...it's supposed to be "though". Note: I type "thought" instead of "though" quite often.

Originally posted by dadudemon
In the scenario I persented, that one not a smart ass one

So. Just to make it clear, I was being a smartass.

And, no, it would still have more real world validity than the lab experiment with post-event thoughts and feelings.

Originally posted by dadudemon
Even at that, I would put even quatum physics at almost double the age of psychology with Faraday's work.......unless you consider Wundt's work...damn...Okay, they are about the same.

I think we've come further with pschology than we have with quantum physics.

Astrophysics is still older than that. Much older. Math and Astroyphysics is hundreds of years old, if not over a thousand. (Depending on how specific you want to get.)

So, yes, pscyhology is probably the younges, by a significant margin, compared to the others.

By scope I meant more along the lines of: trying to explain the behaviour of the most complex creature interacting in the most complex environment known with more variables than are knowable. Add in the biological aspect of neuroscience and it is the task of understanding the most complex known structure in the universe, besides the universe itself.

I don't think we have come anywhere with psychology. The death of structuralism will be a start, but I haven't figured out how to do that yet.

Psych is defiantly older than quantum physics. Psychophysics, the stuff I'm in right now, goes back at least to 1860.

Originally posted by dadudemon
I'm a bit confused then.

Is there another study to show that violent thoughts from that arrousal increased violent actions? That would be the bride that connects this study to the real world.

no

that study would be unethical

let me be clear, the only way that it wouldn't be a laboratory measure of violence was if a participant was provoked to actually cause violence on a person in a real world setting.

Anything else suffers from being an experimental definition of violence or aggression.

I imagine, however, interviews with murders and other violent criminals would reveal that they had many more violent cognitions than the average person prior to committing their crime. And violence essentially requires arousal (unless in really specific cases), though arousal doesn't necessarily cause violence.

Being able to elicit such arousal, with the accompaniment of self expressed aggressive thoughts, with experimental measures of aggressive behaviour, to me, seems like a fairly strong body of evidence.

Originally posted by dadudemon
Yeah. That's what I was getting at. It seems likely that they wouldn't act more violent at all. They'd probably be more cautious.

That isn't even supported by the evidence we do have

I disagree entirely

Originally posted by dadudemon
I have an idea.

Do a test that forces people to be put into a room that causes conflict.

Have each situation mapped to specific types of people, based on prelim tests. Include a passive, active, problem solver, and a violent person, in each situation.

Then, put in the center of the room a pillow, a knife, a gun, a swimming noodle, 2 pairs of boxing gloves, etc.

Set the situation up that makes the people want to use said items.

seriously?

how many problems do you want me to list?

no offense, but they send you to school for 4+ years to learn how to design psych experiments...

Originally posted by dadudemon
Guns prime violent action...but...

do they actually cause in increase in violent action, or will the violent actions occur anyway, independent of guns present.

as far as the evidence is concerned, yes

short of setting raged out experimental participants loose on unsuspecting civilians with a loaded firearm, it is pretty much impossible to know any better than we do now

however, I need not even bring up the anecdotal evidence

Originally posted by dadudemon
It's the arrousal portion of that game, isn't it? The desire to succeed and then the catastrophic/devastating failure. It damages or approaches the damage to self-perception. Am I right?

not really, it just creates an autonomic response. Your body is actually at peak performance when under just a little bit of stress, so if you are doing really well at a game, you are "stressed", but in a good sense. However, this stress can also cause more aggressive behaviour.

Continuous failure, like getting so pissed because you die on a level over and over again might have some ego part, but I don't think it would be huge.

I really don't think the mechanism behind the phenomenon is social at all, I think it is just a biological mechanism that helped us in the Savannah, but sort of mucks up life in the 'burbs.

Originally posted by dadudemon
My score was so high the the score counter thing ran out of space and had to go back to 000000000. Seriously. 😐

wow 🙂

never played it though

Originally posted by dadudemon
I would reason that they can also sober people up and even deter acting. Would you not agree?

reason away

I do not believe guns deescalate violent or non-violent situations.

Originally posted by dadudemon
In the scenario I persented, that one not a smart ass one, it would seem that the people would rather face the consequence for not using the gun, then to use the gun...if they were locked into an observation room, similar to what it was in "The Killing Room."

I don't think it would be possible to have the slightest clue what would happen in that scenario. I certainly would need a way more detailed explanation of what is going to happen, but I think you would have a lot of trouble getting a group of strangers to kill one another...

Originally posted by dadudemon
If you haven't seen that movie, watch it, and post your thoughts on the character's actions' validity. Yes, I am serious.

I'll see if I can find a synopsis, but like, dude, I study human behaviour. Let me skip to the end, its wrong.

Did you see 300? That was a movie about Sparta and they didn't care to get the facts right. Entertainment media is certainly not combing the annals of "The Journal of Experimental Psychology" or "Current Directions in Psychological Science" for inspiration. It sounds like the movie is trying to make a philosophical point anyways, meaning the characters probably represent archetypes, which would dictate their behaviour, not psychology.

(argh, a lot of that sounds harsh, sorry to not sugar coat it, but ya, you can't dismiss evidence you don't like man. I had to accept psychosis and lung cancer from marijuana, maybe you have to accept guns make people a little more violent)...

Originally posted by inimalist
By scope I meant more along the lines of: trying to explain the behaviour of the most complex creature interacting in the most complex environment known with more variables than are knowable. Add in the biological aspect of neuroscience and it is the task of understanding the most complex known structure in the universe, besides the universe itself.

I don't think we have come anywhere with psychology. The death of structuralism will be a start, but I haven't figured out how to do that yet.

Psych is defiantly older than quantum physics. Psychophysics, the stuff I'm in right now, goes back at least to 1860.

No, Quantum physics goes back to Farady and his cathode rays. That was 1830s. But to argue these would be for me to miss the point.

I still think we are much further long with the human mind than we are with astro and quantum physics.

But we each come from those backgrounds: me physics, you psychology.

Originally posted by inimalist
no

that study would be unethical

let me be clear, the only way that it wouldn't be a laboratory measure of violence was if a participant was provoked to actually cause violence on a person in a real world setting.

Anything else suffers from being an experimental definition of violence or aggression.

I imagine, however, interviews with murders and other violent criminals would reveal that they had many more violent cognitions than the average person prior to committing their crime. And violence essentially requires arousal (unless in really specific cases), though arousal doesn't necessarily cause violence.

Being able to elicit such arousal, with the accompaniment of self expressed aggressive thoughts, with experimental measures of aggressive behaviour, to me, seems like a fairly strong body of evidence.

So how can we cross that bridge if we are bound by ethics. 😖hifty:

Originally posted by inimalist
That isn't even supported by the evidence we do have

I disagree entirely

So where is this bridge study I was referring to earlier? Bridge the gap, for me, between violent perceptions and thoughts, and actual violent actions, in context with a gun.

I don't think we can as no study exists.

As you said, "unethical".

Originally posted by inimalist
seriously?

how many problems do you want me to list?

no offense, but they send you to school for 4+ years to learn how to design psych experiments...

Yes. DEFINITELY list all of the problems.

How else would you test for differences in actual violent behavior when a gun is involved, versus other items?

Design a superior experiment and guess the outcome.

Originally posted by inimalist
as far as the evidence is concerned, yes

short of setting raged out experimental participants loose on unsuspecting civilians with a loaded firearm, it is pretty much impossible to know any better than we do now

however, I need not even bring up the anecdotal evidence

But we need to test normal humans, though.

I want to see how normal peeps act. Are those thoughts you spoke of earlier actually going to be acted on?

I don't think so. I think it is more of a study of association rather than their own actual actions.

Originally posted by inimalist
not really, it just creates an autonomic response. Your body is actually at peak performance when under just a little bit of stress, so if you are doing really well at a game, you are "stressed", but in a good sense. However, this stress can also cause more aggressive behaviour.

Continuous failure, like getting so pissed because you die on a level over and over again might have some ego part, but I don't think it would be huge.

I really don't think the mechanism behind the phenomenon is social at all, I think it is just a biological mechanism that helped us in the Savannah, but sort of mucks up life in the 'burbs.

AHA!

But I disagree on ego not being very big.

It's huge when your friend is right there watching with several other people. Failure in front of them is devastating to the ego.

Translate that to an online FPS like Halo 3. You're with your squad mates and you get pwned and t-bagged, over and over. Your ego has been f***ed in the face....right in the bullet wound, to be exact...and then teabagged.

Originally posted by inimalist
wow 🙂

never played it though

lol

You're response made me laugh. Even if you were serious, it still seems very disingenuous. The game is like Tetris 2.

Originally posted by inimalist
reason away

I do not believe guns deescalate violent or non-violent situations.

They'd all make a pact to die together instead of commit murder, out of their own sense of morality.

Other groups would kill the person wanting to kill everyone else, then reason to let themselves be killed by the controllers.

The people in the groups with the pillow or other not-lethal items would swiftly and quickly complete the conflicting task, even if it required degradation of sorts.

These are my guesses.

Originally posted by inimalist
I don't think it would be possible to have the slightest clue what would happen in that scenario. I certainly would need a way more detailed explanation of what is going to happen, but I think you would have a lot of trouble getting a group of strangers to kill one another...

I don't think it would be very much trouble to get some of the groups to do so if failure to complete the task resulted in something catastrophic such as dismemberment or death to all participants.

Even better would be death to their family members.

You could setup the scenario to put blanks in the gun and make the blade extremely dull, or something. It still wouldn't be ethical...by any stretch.

el oh el.

But that's the point of the experiment. To test what people would ACTUALLY do instead of guessing what their thoughts would translate to when that guessing could be a fallacy.

Originally posted by inimalist
I'll see if I can find a synopsis, but like, dude, I study human behaviour. Let me skip to the end, its wrong.

I know this.

And, watch the film. It's good. It is almost completely free of little mistakes like prop placement, breathing dead people, etc.

Originally posted by inimalist
Did you see 300? That was a movie about Sparta and they didn't care to get the facts right.

This isn't one of those films. It is much lower budget and focuses more on psychology and manipulation than it does on effects and yelling.

Originally posted by inimalist
Entertainment media is certainly not combing the annals of "The Journal of Experimental Psychology" or "Current Directions in Psychological Science" for inspiration.

This film is about an actual experimentation that was undertaken by the U.S. but was later canceled due to obvious ethical concerns. It really was based on experimental psychology. Does it have you interested, now? 🙂

You'll still find faults with it. I found faults with it and like I say, my weakest subject is psychology, so you'll find plenty of faults, but I dare say that you will be appreciative of the psychological conflict the characters experience and what the experimenters are doing.

Originally posted by inimalist
It sounds like the movie is trying to make a philosophical point anyways, meaning the characters probably represent archetypes, which would dictate their behaviour, not psychology.

Yes and no.

You watch movies, so watch it for the sake of entertainment. The movie is based on what little information we had on those experiments the US did back in the 50s. (People think the US is all moral and does the ethical thing in war. Bullshit, by a long shot. We burn Muslim combantant bodies, face up, towards Mecca, to draw out Taliban combatants from their hiding places, while yelling on a megaphone that they are cowards for not avenging their brethern's honor. Don't tell me that they don't do that: I saw the mother f***ing video of them doing that on machovideos.com, lol. There's also the firebombings we did in WWII. So, the US has bloody hands, just as Russia, just as Japan, just as China. We are just better about sweeping it under the rug.)

Originally posted by inimalist
(argh, a lot of that sounds harsh, sorry to not sugar coat it, but ya, you can't dismiss evidence you don't like man. I had to accept psychosis and lung cancer from marijuana, maybe you have to accept guns make people a little more violent)...

If I were here to just be right all the time, I wouldn't post, because I'd be right all the time and pontification gets boring. I'm here to teach and be taught. Information should be flowing in more than it is flowing out, and I feel that it is, as of late. Like I said, I'd rather you berate me or rip me a new one than you to hold your tongue and allow me to wallow in ignorance. (I didn't say it like that, the first time, but that's what I meant.)

And, I accept that guns make some people more violent, but can it not be reasoned that it causes some to also be more cautious or reserved around a gun? Surely it does. Surely they balance each other out with everyone else falling in between or in a third or forth category.

Originally posted by dadudemon
I still think we are much further long with the human mind than we are with astro and quantum physics.

fair enough, I disagree though

Originally posted by dadudemon
So how can we cross that bridge if we are bound by ethics. 😖hifty:

So where is this bridge study I was referring to earlier? Bridge the gap, for me, between violent perceptions and thoughts, and actual violent actions, in context with a gun.

I don't think we can as no study exists.

As you said, "unethical".

bridge which gap? the gap between research and applied science?

like, you know the study of medicine is a statistical analysis, not a direct observation of real world, specific instance, treatment.

this is getting really close to a creationist demanding the single study that "proves" evolution.

I don't feel there is any greater gap here than in any behavioural research paradigm.

Originally posted by dadudemon
Yes. DEFINITELY list all of the problems.

I wont go over all, but least of which, you aren't testing anything. There is no IV, hardly a DV, no manipulations, it isn't clear if it is within or between subjects, there is no control... I couldn't imagine what your null hypothesis would be...

Originally posted by dadudemon
How else would you test for differences in actual violent behavior when a gun is involved, versus other items?

You can't test actual violence. You can observe things which sociology, anthropology and criminology link to violent actions within society, and attempt to see if those things can be elicited in an experimental setting.

Like, its not just that you are expecting something that is unethical to research, you seem to be expecting something that is beyond the scope of science itself.

Experimental results, in all scientific fields, only apply to closed systems. Physics only works so well in reality, because we understand all of the variables, and we can simulate closed systems in a lab that are very close to real world situations.

There are no such abilities to create a closed system of the human environment. This isn't an ethical concern, but a sheer limitation based on the scope of what is being studied. Much like how astrophysicists cannot recreate a new universe, psychologists cannot recreate human civilization within the lab.

This also goes a step further, in that, it appears that what you expect a study to be able to do is well beyond what studies are designed to do. All of the studies I have talked about are whether the presence of a gun increases certain measures of aggression or violence. It says nothing, I repeat, nothing, about what a specific individual will do in any real world setting, nor is it supposed to be able to do such, so yes, guns could have many effects on people given the billions of variables that are involved with any real world human interaction. To expect experimental predictions that would tell how a specific person is expected to act in a specific situation is setting the goalposts deliberately at a point that science can't reach. Its like saying "scientifically disprove god", you are asking for something that science is not designed to do.

Originally posted by dadudemon
Design a superior experiment and guess the outcome.

Ha: The mere presence of guns causes more violent behaviour in individuals

Ho1: There is no difference between the ability of guns and other weapons or objects to elicit violent behaviour

Ho2: There is no rise in violent behaviour with exposure to guns

I'd say some form of blocked, repeated-measures design, so that you can measure within-subject rather than between. 4 conditions: control, gun, weapon, object. Very strict counterbalancing, so the study would need a significant amount of people.

you would then need to pick something that you think is a valid representation of real world violence that isn't actually real world violence. Here is the amazing kicker (and why I'm having trouble not being entirely glib): Even if you did the study in the middle of a crowded place and were getting the person to be violent against complete bystanders, it is STILL a laboratory measure of aggression. The person knows they are being tested, and the situation is not a real life situation. There is just a purely methodological issue IF you are of the mindset that only real world violence can represent real world violence, and that is a standard that a) you don't apply to everything else, b) no real scientist expects and c) is impossible anyways.

so, pretend we overcome that hurdle, you would need to run people through each condition and see if there are significant differences in violent actions, compare the results of each individual to their own results in the other conditions, try to find patterns.

Since these studies have been done for decades, have stood up to huge scrutiny and have been consistently replicated in every way with the exception of "real world violence", I would say the answer is pretty easy.

Originally posted by dadudemon
I don't think so. I think it is more of a study of association rather than their own actual actions.

there is microevolution, but not macroevolution

Originally posted by dadudemon
AHA!

But I disagree on ego not being very big.

It's huge when your friend is right there watching with several other people. Failure in front of them is devastating to the ego.

Translate that to an online FPS like Halo 3. You're with your squad mates and you get pwned and t-bagged, over and over. Your ego has been f***ed in the face....right in the bullet wound, to be exact...and then teabagged.

you have the chain of causality mixed up. Social cognitions do not precede biological arousal

Originally posted by dadudemon
But that's the point of the experiment. To test what people would ACTUALLY do instead of guessing what their thoughts would translate to when that guessing could be a fallacy.

no offense, but for someone who doesn't understand experimental psychology, thats a fairly ignorant statement

guessing?

should we go over the reactions of people to non-confirming evidence under cognitive dissonance? or is that also just a guess?

Originally posted by dadudemon
This isn't one of those films. It is much lower budget and focuses more on psychology and manipulation than it does on effects and yelling.

This film is about an actual experimentation that was undertaken by the U.S. but was later canceled due to obvious ethical concerns. It really was based on experimental psychology. Does it have you interested, now? 🙂

the movie, Das Experiment, made about the stanford prison experiments, A MOVIE ABOUT A PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENT, was wrong. movies will sacrifice scientific accuracy for entertainment.

Further, you are questioning research science because of a movie done by the same guy who did the Texas chainsaw massacre prequel?

look man, you don't have to agree, but it seems like you are really grasping at straws to use actors in a fictional movie to attempt to discredit research that is over 20 years old, which has been constantly replicated.

Originally posted by dadudemon
And, I accept that guns make some people more violent, but can it not be reasoned that it causes some to also be more cautious or reserved around a gun? Surely it does. Surely they balance each other out with everyone else falling in between or in a third or forth category.

yes, there are also people who go out and murder others so that they can masturbate with the corpse.

Psychology is not trying to explain why any one person does or does not do something in a specific situation. In fact, no science is of that scope, and to expect it, in this case, seems to show that you really want the opposite to be true so that you can have a political belief. This action, done by you, has also been shown in research, whereby people do not even engage in rational analysis of things they don't believe, but move as quickly as possible to find any reason to dismiss the entirety of it, much like you have done by calling experimental psychology "guessing", and challenging experimental results with a movie.

Originally posted by Symmetric Chaos
In 1990 larceny formed 65.1 percent of the total crimes with negligent homicide or injury as 26.2 percent of crimes. Although Japan has far fewer people than the U.S., comparisons are still possible. Japan has aground 1.3 robberies per 100,000 people. By comparison, the U.S. has 233 per 100,000 people (England has 65.8 and West Germany 48.6).

The Japanese murder rate is about 1.1 per 100,000 people; West German has a rate of 3.9, Britain a rate of 9.1, and the U.S. 8.7 per 100,000 people.

Obviously a bit out of date by now.

Probably cause we and Japan have done enough for a while.

TL : DR time.

inimalist, if you'd like to skip everything I've stated and go down the the third post, that could probably save a lot of time for both of us. That third post gets at the heart of what we are discussing and bridges the gap from what appeared to be differing opinions...but they really are the same.

However, you could read all of it and between 60-70% of it will be good information with the rest being more of my ignorance.

Originally posted by inimalist
bridge which gap? the gap between research and applied science?

like, you know the study of medicine is a statistical analysis, not a direct observation of real world, specific instance, treatment.

this is getting really close to a creationist demanding the single study that "proves" evolution.

I don't feel there is any greater gap here than in any behavioural research paradigm.

Is there real world proof that these arousals and thoughts translate to actual violence, or are they just that, thoughts? Me thinks that the people who handled these guns would think and act differently in the real world, outside of the lab. I think you hit on this already.

This is what I'm talking about. Do those thoughts translate to real world violence? Is it fact?

Bridge the gap for me.

Originally posted by inimalist
I wont go over all, but least of which, you aren't testing anything. There is no IV, hardly a DV, no manipulations, it isn't clear if it is within or between subjects, there is no control... I couldn't imagine what your null hypothesis would be...

We are testing the effects of various items being used in violent ways, when the subjects are forced to use items at the cost of their person if the fail to succeed.

Why does there need to be a control in this particular setup? How could even create a control for such a scenario? You may think this is ludicrous that I’m even suggesting that there doesn’t need to be a control…and I would agree, somewhat.

The variables manipulated are the items and the types of people in each room. Also, the other IVs are the different consequences for failing to comply.

The DVs are anything that results from the differences in IVs.

The point is not to create a standard without the items, but simply to observe what would happen with the items and people.

And the null hypothesis was already stated: to test the gun and the violence it elicits against other items, some non-lethal.

And, though I don't see a need, how would you control this?

Originally posted by inimalist
You can't test actual violence. You can observe things which sociology, anthropology and criminology link to violent actions within society, and attempt to see if those things can be elicited in an experimental setting.

Like, its not just that you are expecting something that is unethical to research, you seem to be expecting something that is beyond the scope of science itself.

I'm fairly sure we would end up with predictable results, normalize the data, and could categorize each outcome into 3 or 4 possible explicit outcomes. We could also draw up conclusions based on prelim tests the subjects had to take. Meaning "Subject with traits x elicited predictable behavior y-3."

Seems very scientific to me.

Of course, I didn't go to school for 4+ years for this and I most certainly didn't learn how to set up a psychological lab experiment.

Originally posted by inimalist
Experimental results, in all scientific fields, only apply to closed systems. Physics only works so well in reality, because we understand all of the variables, and we can simulate closed systems in a lab that are very close to real world situations.

But wouldn't you say that these virtual environments are a helluva lot closer to reality than the gun study about people's thoughts?

I shouldn't say a "helluva lot closer to reality", because they really are. They are so close, in fact, that pilots in training, engineers, physics engine designers for simulations and video games, etc. use them. IMO, they are much closer to being useful for the real world than this gun test you brought up.

In other words, I am not following you on your physics example. In a closed environment, even with physics, you can get so damn close to real world that, for all intents and purposes, the results are almost completely real world.

Originally posted by inimalist
There are no such abilities to create a closed system of the human environment. This isn't an ethical concern, but a sheer limitation based on the scope of what is being studied. Much like how astrophysicists cannot recreate a new universe, psychologists cannot recreate human civilization within the lab.

We wouldn't be creating human civilization in the lab, though. We would be removing subjects who are fully integrated with an existing civilization, and putting them into a situation to test the barriers of their morals versus survival. In fact, isn’t that the point of every test?

I can see what you mean by a control, now. You would want some way of taking them out of that situation and comparing it to the real world. There is no way to create a control for it and at that, the control to it, if one could be thought of, would be irrelevant to the "study".

Originally posted by inimalist
This also goes a step further, in that, it appears that what you expect a study to be able to do is well beyond what studies are designed to do. All of the studies I have talked about are whether the presence of a gun increases certain measures of aggression or violence. It says nothing, I repeat, nothing, about what a specific individual will do in any real world setting, nor is it supposed to be able to do such, so yes, guns could have many effects on people given the billions of variables that are involved with any real world human interaction. To expect experimental predictions that would tell how a specific person is expected to act in a specific situation is setting the goalposts deliberately at a point that science can't reach. Its like saying "scientifically disprove god", you are asking for something that science is not designed to do.

I am not expecting it to tell me what in individual will do in the real world, I am expecting it to tell me what people, in general, would do in the real world, or at least give me a several weighted categories for potential behaviors. Not specific to the individual.

And, no, this test would not predict what a specific person would do. The data collected after the experiments and conclusions could be drawn from that. They might even be able to come up with many more conclusions, based on prelim tests.

However, you could just say, and rightfully so, that the results doesn't predict what people would do in the real world unless they were in similar situation. If that's the case, why did the US do things like this, then? They weren't stupid. Sure, psychology has made lots of progress since then, but they weren't idiots. What could possibly be derived from these experiments that allows us to go real world? (They used drugs…and were a little bit more ambitious than my setup, for sure.)

Originally posted by inimalist
Ha: The mere presence of guns causes more violent behaviour in individuals

Ho1: There is no difference between the ability of guns and other weapons or objects to elicit violent behaviour

Ho2: There is no rise in violent behaviour with exposure to guns

Sounds good. 👆

Here's my hypothesis: we will see results from all 3 categories. Agreed?

Originally posted by inimalist
I'd say some form of blocked, repeated-measures design, so that you can measure within-subject rather than between. 4 conditions: control, gun, weapon, object. Very strict counterbalancing, so the study would need a significant amount of people.

you would then need to pick something that you think is a valid representation of real world violence that isn't actually real world violence. Here is the amazing kicker (and why I'm having trouble not being entirely glib): Even if you did the study in the middle of a crowded place and were getting the person to be violent against complete bystanders, it is STILL a laboratory measure of aggression. The person knows they are being tested, and the situation is not a real life situation. There is just a purely methodological issue IF you are of the mindset that only real world violence can represent real world violence, and that is a standard that a) you don't apply to everything else, b) no real scientist expects and c) is impossible anyways.

No. That is not what I was saying about that study.

There's plenty of evidence throughout my posts that indicate that I don't think it is purely translated into the perception of real world violence…when a gun is involved.

In fact, I've indicated, just in my previous post alone, that closer to reality is a spread of "real world" actions with some at poles and others unrelated, and still more mixed.

This is the problem I have with the study: where is the evidence that shows that the data collected from the individuals translates to real world results.

You can't conclude, based on the data collected, that guns make people definitively violent, without also showing that the responses are strongly correlated to violent behaviors.

You must prove that the conclusion is backed by another study that the conclusions are sound.

How do you KNOW that those thoughts and "feelings" translate to real world violence?

Where is the study that says "thoughts x with arousal y can be adequately correlated with action x, based on data pool z."

Where is that? That's what I'm looking for. You haven't presented it. I am not as well versed in these things as you are, so I would need something to connect the dots. You may be able to adequately connect the dots, but I cannot.

On top of that, there are inherent problems with the study. The lab environment for the study is too dissimilar to real world. The questions are posttest, not during. Retrospection can taint the sample. Also, did a person ask the questions? If so, that could change the data, as well, depending how they went about things. Simply answering the questions directly to a person can change the results, even if slightly. I think this is called the Hawthorne Effect. Don't you think the test would have been more solid if they had the computer ask the questions, between "simulated items"...and keep the questions few or randomize the questions enough so that (I don't know the name of the effect, but it's where you ask the person too many questions and the results become less "good" after so many are asked) you don't get waning question effect going?

To me, that would improve the test just a little.

Also, how were the questions asked? It can be assumed that there has to be a degree of social desirability bias from the samples. Agreed? But, you may say that my saying that misses the point of the test because part of the results is the expectations of social desirability because any situation that results in violence by a normal person will have that person contemplating the social desirability of those actions with various opinions and actions based on their perception of that "desirability."

I dunno. The test still seems too far removed from reality to be anything other than interesting. I need further information to move beyond interesting to awesome. (Yes, those are scientific words. 😠 )

Originally posted by inimalist
so, pretend we overcome that hurdle, you would need to run people through each condition and see if there are significant differences in violent actions, compare the results of each individual to their own results in the other conditions, try to find patterns.

That would taint the “samples” though, as the individuals would adapt to the test or change reactions. On second thought, that may be acceptable.

On another note, we could also randomize the groups of types.

Originally posted by inimalist
Since these studies have been done for decades, have stood up to huge scrutiny and have been consistently replicated in every way with the exception of "real world violence", I would say the answer is pretty easy.

You’re now lumping this one particular study, which you yourself criticized in similar ways that I have, with the large body of psychological studies. But now, the study stands up to “rigorous standards of scrutiny”? Not all studies are created equal, even the ones that can be replicated and go through peer reviews, are good studies. Odd, isn’t it, that I would say something like that? How many studies stood the test of time and were later thrown out? I read about them all the time, as I’m sure you do to. (However, mine are more medical. Since psychology, as you put it, is a nascent study, you’d think that there’d be more studies with valid criticisms than say, the medical field, right?)

Originally posted by inimalist
there is microevolution, but not macroevolution

I see what you did there. You’re either being a smartass (probably) or you’re making a point that agrees with what I’m saying. (Unlikely)

I submit to you that my reasoning is legit, especially when it comes to specific behaviors. Yes, some behaviors can be mapped to lab tests and readily so. Some cannot. I’d like to say that I agree with this study. You don’t even agree with lots of things about it and even almost went into a book length diatribe about what was wrong with the test.

In retrospection, I think we are on the same page, yet again, but arguing different perspectives on the same damn thing.

The difference this time is my ignorance of psychology, or rather, my inability to jive with psychology.

Originally posted by inimalist
you have the chain of causality mixed up. Social cognitions do not precede biological arousal

No, the damage to the ego, that I presented, is partially independent of this violent arousal you spoke of. It can be a contributing factor and is a contributing factor, especially when one is teabagged repeatedly, in front of his fellow gamers.

Biological response exacerbates the swift violent response to the one with the damaged ego.

Agreed? If not, we are doomed to argue this forever so lets end with a “dadudemon is too ignorant to get it” until I get 4+ years of education to have a valid conversation.

Originally posted by inimalist
no offense, but for someone who doesn't understand experimental psychology, thats a fairly ignorant statement

No offense, but I don’t think you understood it.

And, I told you that psychology is my weakest subject, only because I disagree so much with how things are done. I am missing the 4+ years required to be in a position where I can be in an understanding of these things as you do.

Originally posted by inimalist
guessing?

should we go over the reactions of people to non-confirming evidence under cognitive dissonance? or is that also just a guess?

What’s wrong with designing an experiment that has a goal, has null hypothesis (and others), and allows a conclusions to be drawn from observations that are not part of the scope of the study? It’s like revisiting a study to draw conclusions that were not accounted for initially. (that type of retro-analysis has a name, but I can’t remember it.) This is what could be done .We could look for and extrapolate data that we couldn’t have predicted by null hypotheses or alternative hypotheses. That’s what I was referring to.

Originally posted by inimalist
the movie, Das Experiment, made about the stanford prison experiments, A MOVIE ABOUT A PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENT, was wrong. movies will sacrifice scientific accuracy for entertainment.

Sort of. It wasn’t about Stanford prison experiments, per se, it was bout the MKULTRA tests.

They also involved drugs as a catalyst for actions: the movie did not.

Originally posted by inimalist
Further, you are questioning research science because of a movie done by the same guy who did the Texas chainsaw massacre prequel?

Uh. No. Not even close.

I’m not sure how you came to this conclusion, but I can now tell why you have such animosity towards it and myself.

I am simply trying to get you to actually watch the film. That’s it. I find it interesting and had less mistakes that most other films, something I feel you would enjoy.

And, the make-believe never going to happen study that I proposed is based, in part on the things MKULTRA looked into. It just so happens that it is similar to the one done in The Killing Room…which was similar to the one in MKULTRA, ergo the connection I made. This is a movie forum and similes will be drawn to films, often.

Originally posted by inimalist
look man, you don't have to agree, but it seems like you are really grasping at straws to use actors in a fictional movie to attempt to discredit research that is over 20 years old, which has been constantly replicated.

No. That’s not what I was doing at all.

Like I said earlier in this post, it’s not that I wholly disagree with the results and the implied meaning of that study, it’s that I disagree with the results being useful without further information on the implications. The responses in the people may not translate to the real world, very well, or my only translate in a violent way to a very few select individuals.

What does the study show us? A sociological trend(?) association of guns with violence. That’s really it. (Arousal? Did it really show arousal or was that what the subjects stated?) What else does it show us?

Originally posted by inimalist
yes, there are also people who go out and murder others so that they can masturbate with the corpse.

How did you know…I was doing that?

Originally posted by inimalist
Psychology is not trying to explain why any one person does or does not do something in a specific situation. In fact, no science is of that scope, and to expect it, in this case, seems to show that you really want the opposite to be true so that you can have a political belief.

No, not at all. In fact, it is quite clear that I was speaking in broad terms the entire time. I am unsure what has lead you to this conclusion.

Wanting there to be a study to connect the dots is hardly specific to a person and a person in an extremely explicit situation. What I want it still very broad.

I think you’re misrepresenting me, but I am unsure why. Did you misunderstand what I was wanting? If so, that’s my fault and I apologize. It would be because I’m too ignorant to actually carry on a conversation about things I know very little about.

And, no, I’ve already indicated, more than once, and before this post, that I support the results as translating to the real world as violent actions, just not in a sweeping literal way.

Originally posted by inimalist
This action, done by you, has also been shown in research, whereby people do not even engage in rational analysis of things they don't believe,

That would be true, if only didn’t think the study applied to people in some way. Sure, I said that study is useless without some way to translate the response to the real world…and I’ve been over that a million times by now. For some reason, you want to paint that perspective, smugly, as wanting extremely specific results. No, the burden of the study is to adequately use an already established result to translate the arousal and responses to the real world.

Originally posted by inimalist
but move as quickly as possible to find any reason to dismiss the entirety of it,

That’s a blatant lie on your part. I don’t know why you would say such a thing when there is clear evidence in my posts that do support the validity of the study.

Originally posted by inimalist
much like you have done by calling experimental psychology "guessing",

That’s another incorrect interpretation on your part. You didn’t understand what I was saying and negatively adapted it in a very strange way to mean what you thought above. I don’t know why you’ve done that, either.

Originally posted by inimalist
and challenging experimental results with a movie.

I’ve been over this already. Show me in my posts where I challenge the object study you mentioned with MKULTRA or a movie based very loosely on MKULTRA.

In fact, what I did was try to design a better test that would both supply evidence for your gun study and against it…because, I simply believe that results don’t translate very well to the real world with a general violent action. You even presented three different very BROAD categories that the results could fall into.

Fact is, I fully believe that guns would elicit real world violent behaviors in some. The study should support that. But I also believe there are more responses than just violence. Violent thoughts or arousal for most are always going to translate to real world violence? How so? How do you know this?

Just because I have those questions, does not mean that I don’t think we can still get violent actions out of some because of a gun. We know this to be false with as many anecdotes as you can think of.

You have still yet to connect the dots for me.

If I were to say that intense resistance training for 45 minutes created an increase in testosterone and growth hormone, 30 minutes post exercise, and the conclusion of the study was that resistance training could increase muscle mass in some, I would have to indicate how I know that test and GH increase muscle mass to support my result.

This may be a bad example of what I’m expecting…but do you see what I am looking for, now?

Maybe I’m expecting too much and that’s not how psychology works…because, as you said, it is such a new area of study that has many things yet to be discovered. Again, this would be my own ignorance and no fault of yours.

The shitty test I designed was to accommodate that and produce more results…some of which would greatly support the REAL study you brought up.

One last thing:

You said this:

Originally posted by inimalist
No, its more that they would just need to think what is being tested is their game performance. I imagine the interview at the end would ask participants how aware they were of the relationship between the test and the measurement of aggression/violence, and if there was a significant relationship there, one might be able to argue that participants were acting as violently as they thought the experimenter wanted them too.

However, since the weapon effect is a sort of perceptual phenomenon, it is VERY possible (in fact, not doing any of the requisite tests, I would probably fall into this camp) that the participant would perceive that the experimenter wanted more violent behaviour in the conditions where the gun was present (not that they are doing so logically, blah, tell me if this is not making sense, I don't want to write a book if you are following).

The big issue in psych research is people acting how they think you want them to act. What they think you want is as likely to be affected by the presence of a gun as is what they think is an appropriate behavioural reaction in the simulated game.

Meaning, you criticized the validity of the study based on the Hawthorne effect.

Then you talk about the validity:

Originally posted by inimalist
lol, it depends on what you are asking is valid

for instance, I would say that while all measures of aggression to date do measure "arousal" which may make people act aggressively, there is zero connection between lab representations of aggression and violence in the real world.

So, the caveat is, while people may play the game more aggressively, this is not the same as saying they would be more violent in real life, because there are so many other issues at play. That one is still playing the game within the "rules" when they make their most aggressive acts is entirely conceptually different from someone breaking the law and acting violent.

lol, I would say it is the most valid that we have, but not perfect in any way. Thats another tl:dr though

So, you have already indicated very similar concerns over the same things I questioned. Why the change in tone? I basically agreed with you and also wanted to question the validity without some sort of bridge study to support the evidence.

reread what I've posted, essentially everything you have asked is covered in the past few pages.

Long story short, the "smoking gun" evidence you want is impossible to get. I've repeated this many times, and explained how it is beyond the scope of any research science to provide. The reason I feel you are being dismissive, is, well, now you are trying to use my own posts as evidence against my points.

My tune has not changed, and my skepticism was to prevent people from going "oh, guns will make you violent if you are around them", not to cast doubt on the studies. I wouldn't be a research psychologist, nor would I have brought the studies up, if I felt the way you seem to be implying I do.

Originally posted by inimalist
reread what I've posted, essentially everything you have asked is covered in the past few pages.

Long story short, the "smoking gun" evidence you want is impossible to get. I've repeated this many times, and explained how it is beyond the scope of any research science to provide. The reason I feel you are being dismissive, is, well, now you are trying to use my own posts as evidence against my points.

My tune has not changed, and my skepticism was to prevent people from going "oh, guns will make you violent if you are around them", not to cast doubt on the studies. I wouldn't be a research psychologist, nor would I have brought the studies up, if I felt the way you seem to be implying I do.

So, in your opinion, what does that test do for us other than prove how they react in that specific test? (Keep in mind that your opinion is professional and I will take it as such and leave it at that. I promise.)

And, yes, I've read all of your posts, thoroughly. Why is it absurd to want a study presented that shows arrousal and violent thoughts lead to real world violence? (I know this already: because it wouldn't be ethical.)

Originally posted by dadudemon
So, in your opinion, what does that test do for us other than prove how they react in that specific test? (Keep in mind that your opinion is professional and I will take it as such and leave it at that. I promise.)

little, if anything

Taken with the body of evidence surrounding aggression research, it shows that people behave in ways that researchers define as aggressive in controlled circumstances.

don't just take my opinion, like, I'm not looking to just preach, but, you keep asking the exact same question and I keep telling you that is beyond the scope of science.

Evolution doesn't prove how life started

Originally posted by dadudemon
And, yes, I've read all of your posts, thoroughly. Why is it absurd to want a study presented that shows arrousal and violent thoughts lead to real world violence? (I know this already: because it wouldn't be ethical.)

no dude, its not just the ethics. The ethics are the main issue.

so, when I put out Ha, Ho1, and Ho2, those were the alternative hypothesis and the null hypothesis. In science, one designs experiments based on an idea. So, in this, it would be, guns can make people more violent. That becomes Ha, the alternative hypothesis. Now, you can't just run a study to try and prove that. What you have to do is ask, what would I expect if that weren't true. So, if guns don't elicit violence, what would we expect? thus both null hypotheses.

To see if there is evidence against the nulls, we design Independent variables that we presume will affect a dependent variable. The independent variable is what is manipulated by the experimenter between experimental conditions, and the dependent variable is the measured and compared under these conditions. In this, the independent variable (IV) would be the exposure to a weapon, specifically a gun, whereas the dependent variable (DV) would be real world violence.

Importantly, for something to be an experiment, it MUST have an IV. If there is no IV, you cannot even approach causality. Observational research, therefore, is only correlational, and that is at best.

Now, because there has to be an experimental manipulation, even if you don't control for anything else (ie: make it as "real world" as possible [which, in fact, makes the findings less valid, as there are too many interfering variables, or confounds]) it will never be a "real world" situation. you are always, by definition, imposing an artificial stimulus to try and elicit a response, so it is, literally, impossible for there to be that "bridge", even if it were ethical do to so.

The reason your experiments were essentially not experiments is, basically, they had no experimental design. You just wanted to watch what people did, which is observational, and, well, aside from divination, the worst way to try and get information about the world around us.

Originally posted by inimalist
little, if anything

Taken with the body of evidence surrounding aggression research, it shows that people behave in ways that researchers define as aggressive in controlled circumstances.

don't just take my opinion, like, I'm not looking to just preach, but, you keep asking the exact same question and I keep telling you that is beyond the scope of science.

Evolution doesn't prove how life started

Damn it. So what use is the study? And...damn it.

I don't know what to say.

Edit - Wait. I know how to check for responses. Have people report their thoughts when someone robs them with a knife, with a gun, with a piece of paper. A review of those people shortly after the incidents could ...maybe produce closer to what we're looking for? We could also compare actual injury to what they thought would happen, and we could also measure injury that occurs from the bad guy to the victims with each item. (paper ain't gonna do jack, though.)

That's a rather hasty idea...but it may have substance.

Originally posted by inimalist
no dude, its not just the ethics. The ethics are the main issue.

so, when I put out Ha, Ho1, and Ho2, those were the alternative hypothesis and the null hypothesis. In science, one designs experiments based on an idea. So, in this, it would be, guns can make people more violent. That becomes Ha, the alternative hypothesis. Now, you can't just run a study to try and prove that. What you have to do is ask, what would I expect if that weren't true. So, if guns don't elicit violence, what would we expect? thus both null hypotheses.

[QUOTE=12155890]Originally posted by inimalist
[B]To see if there is evidence against the nulls, we design Independent variables that we presume will affect a dependent variable. The independent variable is what is manipulated by the experimenter between experimental conditions, and the dependent variable is the measured and compared under these conditions. In this, the independent variable (IV) would be the exposure to a weapon, specifically a gun, whereas the dependent variable (DV) would be real world violence.

That's almost exactly what I said (not verbatim, but the general idea).

Originally posted by inimalist
Importantly, for something to be an experiment, it MUST have an IV. If there is no IV, you cannot even approach causality. Observational research, therefore, is only correlational, and that is at best.

I agree.

Originally posted by inimalist
Now, because there has to be an experimental manipulation, even if you don't control for anything else (ie: make it as "real world" as possible [which, in fact, makes the findings less valid, as there are too many interfering variables, or confounds]) it will never be a "real world" situation. you are always, by definition, imposing an artificial stimulus to try and elicit a response, so it is, literally, impossible for there to be that "bridge", even if it were ethical do to so.

However, some studies are better than others. Some studies are setup and executed better, making them more awesomer(that word is scientific, damnit) than other tests.

Originally posted by inimalist
The reason your experiments were essentially not experiments is, basically, they had no experimental design. You just wanted to watch what people did, which is observational, and, well, aside from divination, the worst way to try and get information about the world around us.

Really? We couldn't find things that I suggested we could find?

But I do agree that it would fall prey to the very same thing I brought up: how would it translate to the real world?

Closer to on topic, would not an armed police officer elicit compliance for a significant portion of people, as compared to an unarmed officer?

The perception of the gun from the suspect would make them more violent or would it make them think about the violence that could occur?

How does that study on gun perception translate to the topic?

Of course, there's the situation to which the office is called to.

There's the location.

There's the time.

There's other people involved. (If there's an angry mob chanting to the person being arrested: "Fight back. Take is gun .Shoot him. etc", then the suspect is probably more likely to do just that, fight back.)

The age of the suspect and officer.

How the office handles the situation.

The smell of both the officer and the suspect. (Yes, this does play a factor in it.)

The size of the suspect and the size of the officer.

The weather conditions. (If the wind is blowing really hard, if it's raining, if there is severe weather at the time, hot or cold, etc. People are likely to be more agitated in those conditions.)

The family and friend state of the suspect and the officer. (If the officer just got a divorce notice, out of the blue, if the suspect's mother just died, etc. You could think of a million of these types of things.)

The personalities of the officer and suspect, when take in tandem with the situation as presented above.

The perceived financial situation of the suspect and of the suspect to the officer, but less so on the latter.

Etc.

Kind of sucks trying to figure out everything...and it's retardedly impossible.

Maybe we could get back to reality and see if we can find effectiveness of officers in violent situations.

Is there data on the safety of cops who are unarmed, reporting to events that are known to be violent in anyway?

If we could find bodies of evidence for both armed and unarmed we could compare deaths for cops on both sides, and violence on cops, per capita. If we do that, we could at least compare armed cops against unarmed cops..at least superficially.

However, that even fails to perfect comparison as not all violent crime numbers are equal. Since the UK has a lot more violent crime than say, the US, we could assume that UK police have to report to more violent crimes. On top of that, not all violent crimes being reported to will escalate because it is a lad mugging an old lady, or some shit.

I dunno.

How the **** can you compare unarmed police to armed police?

/sigh

Originally posted by inimalist
/sigh

I've dropped the other convo.

Let's stay on topic.

Compare armed police effectiveness to unarmed effectiveness. Can you do so. Do you have data. Etc.

I dont'. I couldn't find any on the intertubes.

in 99.999999999% of the cases, it doesn't really matter. The vast majority of people are going to obey the uniform, regardless of whether they are armed or not. Most criminals will not openly attack an officer, especially shoot to kill, and against those who would, it is arguable if a gun would protect them (certainly gives them a better chance of survival, but I can't imagine a criminal not shooting at a cop simply because they have a gun). The majority of things police deal with are not situations where they need to use a weapon. Further, beat cops rarely would be called to major armed situations, as special strike teams are much better suited.

So, maybe, in a really small percentage of cases, the gun could be the tipping point for a person disobeying a police officer and killing them, but I would argue that having armed cops has caused more deaths from over-reactions that it has saved in these types of situations.

I live in Canada. We don't have a police state like you do, so cops' guns don't really bother me. I'm more in favor of banning the use of tazers than of guns, just because thats the culture up here. Cops rarely pull their guns, though, as lil mentioned earlier in the thread, it does happen.