Gamora is actually a cyborg since she was injured so badly in a fight in her youth that Thanos needed to give her reconstructive surgery with stronger cyborg parts (increased strength):
Another view of the She-Hulk kick. She knocks her out apparently, and since we know Strong Guy was there for the finisher... she takes a blast from Guardian to no ill effects. (please log in to view the image)
Oh, but in addition to all you allready pointed out one actually CAN see his claws are out, unfortunately they are colored blue as his gloves - just take a thorough look at the panel with the crashing Hulk, it's at the edge of the picture on the left of Gamora's hair
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